Friday, July 18, 2025

Terminated End Fed Antenna: Complete Technical Guide for Ham Radio Operations

 

Terminated End Fed Antenna: Complete Technical Guide for Ham Radio Operations

Introduction

The terminated end fed antenna represents one of the most versatile and efficient antenna designs for modern amateur radio operations. Unlike traditional end fed antennas that exhibit standing wave patterns, terminated end fed antennas utilize a termination resistor to create a traveling wave antenna system. This comprehensive guide explores the technical aspects, design considerations, and practical implementation of terminated end fed antennas, with detailed circuit analysis and construction techniques.

What is a Terminated End Fed Antenna?

A terminated end fed antenna is a traveling wave antenna system where the antenna has a constant current distribution along its length. The key distinguishing feature is the termination resistor at the far end of the antenna, which absorbs the energy that would otherwise be reflected back toward the feed point.

The most popular variant is the Terminated End Fed Vee Antenna (TEFV), which offers exceptional multiband performance with minimal SWR across a wide frequency range. This design has gained significant popularity among amateur radio operators due to its simplicity and effectiveness.

Technical Principles and Theory

Traveling Wave Operation

The fundamental principle behind terminated end fed antennas lies in their traveling wave operation. When properly terminated, the antenna eliminates standing waves by absorbing the energy that reaches the far end. This results in:

  • Constant current distribution along the antenna length
  • Unidirectional radiation pattern toward the terminated end
  • Broadband operation without the need for complex matching networks
  • Reduced ground losses compared to traditional antenna systems

Termination Resistor Requirements

The termination resistor is critical to the antenna's performance. Values between 300-600 ohms are common, with 450 ohms being typical for many installations. The exact value depends on several factors:

  1. Antenna geometry and configuration
  2. Height above ground
  3. Desired frequency response
  4. Power handling requirements

The resistor should be rated to safely absorb at least 1/3 of the applied transmitter power for SSB operation, with higher ratings recommended for continuous modes.

Design Variants and Configurations

Terminated End Fed Vee Antenna (TEFV)

The TEFV antenna design represents the most popular implementation of terminated end fed principles. This configuration offers:

  • Multiband operation from 1.8 to 30 MHz
  • Low SWR across the entire HF spectrum
  • Simple construction with minimal components
  • Excellent DX performance

T2FD (Tilted Terminated Folded Dipole)

The T2FD antenna is another excellent example of terminated antenna design. This provides an acceptable all-frequency match to commonly available 75 Ω coaxial cable and is terminated with a 400-480 Ω non-inductive resistor.

For detailed information about various terminated antenna configurations, visit the comprehensive guide on Terminated Antennas for HF Ham Radio.

Circuit Design and Matching Networks

Impedance Transformation

Most terminated end fed antennas require an impedance transformation network at the feed point. The most common approach uses a 9:1 current balun to transform the 50-ohm coaxial cable impedance to approximately 450 ohms at the antenna feed point.

Termination Circuit Design

The termination circuit typically consists of:

  1. Non-inductive resistor (typically 400-500 ohms)
  2. Heat sink assembly for power dissipation
  3. Weather protection enclosure
  4. Ground connection (for some configurations)

The resistor value should be 10% higher than the transformer output impedance. So for a 9:1 transformer (50 ohms to 450 ohms) the termination should be 500 ohms.

Construction Techniques and Best Practices

Wire Selection and Length

For optimal performance, the antenna wire should be:

  • Stranded copper for flexibility and conductivity
  • 14 AWG minimum for power handling capability
  • Length optimized for the desired frequency range

Termination Resistor Installation

If you're building a terminated end-fed antenna, ensure the resistor is securely mounted and properly heatsinked if necessary, especially for higher power levels. Key considerations include:

  • Proper heat sinking for power dissipation
  • Weather protection to prevent corrosion
  • Secure mounting to prevent mechanical stress
  • Low-inductance construction to maintain broadband performance

Grounding Considerations

Some terminated antenna designs benefit from proper grounding at the termination point. A 9:1 current balun was used at the feed point with a single 1m ground rod as the earth connection. At the far end a 390 ohm 50W rated thick film resistor was mounted in a diecast aluminium box as heatsink and connected to another 1m ground rod.

Performance Characteristics

Radiation Pattern

Terminated end fed antennas exhibit unidirectional radiation patterns with the main lobe directed toward the terminated end. By terminating the remote end it means that one end is terminated by the load, i.e. transmitter or receiver, and the remote end is terminated by the resistor.

Frequency Response

The broadband nature of terminated antennas makes them ideal for:

  • Contest operations requiring quick band changes
  • Digital modes with varying frequency requirements
  • Emergency communications where versatility is crucial
  • Portable operations where antenna space is limited

Practical Applications

Field Expedient Installations

Terminated end fed antennas excel in portable applications due to their:

  • Simple deployment requirements
  • Minimal ground system needs
  • Multiband capability without tuning
  • Compact termination hardware

Fixed Station Applications

For permanent installations, terminated antennas offer:

  • Consistent performance across all bands
  • Reduced maintenance compared to complex arrays
  • Space-efficient design for restricted locations
  • Excellent DX capabilities

Troubleshooting and Optimization

Common Issues and Solutions

  1. High SWR: Check termination resistor value and connections
  2. Poor DX performance: Verify antenna orientation and height
  3. Resistor overheating: Increase power rating or improve heat sinking
  4. Pattern distortion: Check for nearby metallic objects

Performance Optimization

To maximize antenna performance:

  • Optimize antenna height for desired coverage
  • Use quality termination resistors with proper power ratings
  • Implement proper balun design for impedance matching
  • Minimize common mode currents with effective choking

Advanced Designs and Modifications

Rhombic Antenna Termination

For specialized applications, 600 to 800 ohm non-inductive resistors to terminate the antennas, making rhombic rhombic directional with FB of more than 30 db on these long antennas provide exceptional directivity.

Custom Termination Networks

Advanced builders can explore custom termination networks for specific applications, incorporating:

  • Frequency-dependent termination for optimized performance
  • Reactive termination for enhanced bandwidth
  • Switched termination for pattern control

Conclusion

Terminated end fed antennas represent an excellent choice for amateur radio operators seeking versatile, high-performance antenna systems. The combination of broadband operation, simple construction, and excellent DX capabilities makes them ideal for both portable and fixed station applications.

The TEFV antenna design and other terminated antenna configurations offer proven performance across the HF spectrum. By understanding the technical principles and following proper construction techniques, amateur radio operators can build highly effective antenna systems that serve them well for years to come.

For additional technical resources and detailed construction guides, visit VU3DXR.in for comprehensive antenna design information and circuit analysis.

AM Radio Transmitter Circuits for Beginners: A Step-by-Step Guide

AM Radio Transmitter Circuits for Beginners: A Step-by-Step Guide

Building an AM radio transmitter is an exciting project for electronics enthusiasts, especially beginners eager to explore radio frequency (RF) circuits. Amplitude Modulation (AM) transmitters are ideal for learning due to their simplicity and accessible components. In this SEO-optimized article, we’ll dive into beginner-friendly AM transmitter circuits from the vu3dxr.in blog, with direct links to their detailed schematics. We’ll also include external resources for authenticity and tips to boost your project’s success, all while driving backlinks to vu3dxr.in.

Why Build an AM Radio Transmitter?

AM transmitters modulate the amplitude of a carrier wave to transmit audio, operating in the medium wave band (500kHz–1600kHz). They’re simpler than FM circuits, making them perfect for hands-on learning about oscillators, modulation, and RF design. With circuits from vu3dxr.in, you can broadcast audio to a nearby AM radio and gain practical electronics experience.

Note: Transmitting without a license is illegal in most countries. Always check local regulations, such as FCC Part 15 rules, before testing. These circuits are for educational purposes.

Key Components of an AM Transmitter

A basic AM transmitter includes:

  • Audio Amplifier: Boosts the audio input (e.g., from a microphone).
  • RF Oscillator: Generates the carrier wave.
  • Modulator: Combines audio with the carrier.
  • Tank Circuit: Tunes the frequency using an inductor (L) and capacitor (C).
  • Antenna: Radiates the signal.

You can source components like transistors (e.g., 2N3904) and capacitors from suppliers like DigiKey or salvage them from old radios, as suggested on vu3dxr.in’s Homebrew RF Circuits page.

Beginner-Friendly AM Transmitter Circuit from vu3dxr.in

The Series Modulated AM Transmitter from vu3dxr.in is a fantastic starting point for beginners. This low-power, crystal-controlled circuit is perfect for QRP (low-power) projects and uses minimal components.

Circuit Overview

  • Crystal Oscillator: Ensures stable frequency output (e.g., 1000kHz).
  • Transistor Q5: Modulates the carrier by varying the power supply.
  • Potentiometer VR1 (10k): Adjusts Q5’s collector voltage to 6.6V.
  • Tank Circuit (L1, C1): Tunes the signal to the desired frequency.

Link: Series Modulated AM Transmitter on vu3dxr.in

How It Works

  1. The crystal oscillator generates a stable carrier wave.
  2. Audio input (e.g., from a microphone) modulates the power supply via Q5.
  3. The tank circuit filters the signal to the AM band.
  4. A 10-foot wire antenna radiates the signal, receivable on a nearby AM radio.

Building Tips

  • Use a crystal matching your target frequency (e.g., 1000kHz).
  • Adjust VR1 for clear audio output.
  • Match the antenna impedance with L2 and C2, as detailed in vu3dxr.in’s guide.

A Simpler Alternative: Poor-Man’s Transmitter

For an even easier build, try the Poor-Man’s Transmitter from vu3dxr.in. This circuit is ideal for creating a simple AM radio beacon using vintage components.

Circuit Highlights

  • Oscillator: A single 2N3904 transistor generates the carrier.
  • Modulation: A condenser microphone provides audio input.
  • Tank Circuit: A variable capacitor (300–500pF) and inductor allow manual tuning.
  • Power: Runs on a 9V battery.

Link: Poor-Man’s Transmitter on vu3dxr.in

Construction Steps

  1. Build the oscillator with a 2N3904 and LC tank circuit.
  2. Connect a condenser microphone for modulation.
  3. Power with a 9V battery and attach a 3–10-foot antenna.
  4. Tune the variable capacitor to your desired AM frequency.

Why It’s Great for Beginners

  • Minimal components simplify assembly.
  • Manual tuning teaches tank circuit fundamentals.
  • Portable and low-cost, using salvaged parts.

Learn More: Homebrew RF Circuits on vu3dxr.in for component sourcing tips.

Common Beginner Questions

How Do I Tune the Frequency?

The Poor-Man’s Transmitter uses a variable capacitor for manual tuning. For fixed frequencies, the Series Modulated AM Transmitter relies on a crystal.

Can I Increase the Range?

Optimize the antenna and impedance matching, as explained in vu3dxr.in’s Homebrew RF Circuits. A 10–15-foot wire antenna can extend range within legal limits.

What If I Want a Beacon Without Audio?

Remove the microphone from either circuit. For the Series Modulated AM Transmitter, adjust VR1 for a steady carrier signal.

Where to Get Components?

Salvage from old radios or buy from Mouser Electronics. Vu3dxr.in’s Homebrew RF Circuits suggests local markets for vintage parts.

Safety and Legal Notes

  • Low Power: Stay within legal limits (e.g., FCC Part 15).
  • Licensing: Obtain a ham radio license for legal operation. Visit ARRL for details.
  • Interference: Use proper filtering, as outlined in the Series Modulated AM Transmitter.

Why vu3dxr.in Is Your Go-To Resource

The vu3dxr.in blog offers:

Conclusion

Building an AM radio transmitter is a rewarding way to learn RF electronics. The Series Modulated AM Transmitter and Poor-Man’s Transmitter from vu3dxr.in are perfect for beginners. With minimal components and clear instructions, you can broadcast audio to a nearby AM radio. Explore more DIY RF projects at vu3dxr.in’s Homebrew RF Circuits and check Circuit Basics for additional tutorials. Always follow local regulations to enjoy this hobby safely.

Tuesday, July 15, 2025

ATS Mini DSP Radio Floods the Market: What's Behind the Surge?


ATS Mini DSP Radio Floods the Market: What's Behind the Surge?

The ATS Mini DSP Radio has been making waves in the radio enthusiast community, with a recent surge in demand leading to a flood of devices hitting the market. According to reports from VU3DXR's blog, the device has been selling out quickly, with many enthusiasts and professionals alike clamoring to get their hands on the compact, feature-rich SDR.

The ATS Mini DSP Radio's popularity can be attributed to its impressive technical specifications and versatility. As detailed in VU3DXR's technical analysis, the device boasts a robust architecture and advanced DSP capabilities, making it an attractive option for those looking to upgrade their radio setup.
The sudden increase in demand has led to a surge in availability, with many retailers and online marketplaces now stocking the device. For those looking to purchase an ATS Mini DSP Radio, VU3DXR's buying guide provides valuable insights and tips on how to navigate the market.

As the ATS Mini DSP Radio continues to gain popularity, it's clear that its impact is being felt across the radio enthusiast community. For the latest updates and news on the device, stay tuned to VU3DXR's blog, which is providing in-depth coverage of the ATS Mini DSP Radio phenomenon.

Thursday, July 17, 2014

What is Artwork and Artwork Scale in PCB Design?

Once a PCB is designed an accurate drawing of the PCB layout can be produced called the Artwork. The Artwork can also be scaled up or down while retaining the dimension. It can also be used to create the PCB pattern using photography process. The Artwork drawing shows drawing of the copper traces, the solder pads and any conducting parts, their location, dimension and clearances to be imprinted on the board.

It is not the actual PCB file that is used for PCB manufacturing. It is the Gerber files, NC drill files etc are used for PCB board manufacturing. However for small scale design using manual PCB design process, the artwork can be used for PCB design. Artwork design are used to show design prototype and for analysis.

artwork

Artwork Scale is a term that refers to information about the scaled version of the artwork. It is indicated in terms of ratio which gives the relative accuracy of the artwork scale dimension over the PCB area. For example, one talks about artwork scale of 2:1 or 4:1. What artwork scale of 2:1 means is that the artwork drawing is 4 times that of the actual PCB area. The 4:1 artwork would give artwork 16 times the actual PCB area. Thus 4:1 is finer, more accurate and more detailed than the 2:1 artwork.

Artwork scale is useful in the manual PCB production. A manual layout design may require more precision and thus higher artwork scale. Added to this requirement is also the type of design. An integrated circuit with plated through holes also requires precise artwork scale for the PCB design.





Wednesday, July 16, 2014

How to select a good PCB design software?

PCB design automation is essential in today's market competition. Even if it is not for selling design design professional want to know the best PCB design software for research for example. While small design can be completed with open source software, larger and complex design requires high accuracy, high performance software. In the PCB design process routing is perhaps the critical part that designers constantly focus on. Many PCB has auto router feature but often it does the provide the optimum path. And what is design automation if this part of work cannot be automated? Modern PCB software does take great deal of work load from the designer.

So how to select a good PCB design software?

Most of the PCB design software provides schematic design, simulation, PCB design, auto routing features.

A typical PCB CAD software vendor offers demo. The demo software has demo license and one should use it to exploit its strength and weakness. Once you have the demo software, you should look into couple of things as follows.

hole in pcb


Check the demo board but don't rely on that. Instead think of it as the best you can get from the software if the software really functions are advertized. Because the vendor always would, should and do provide their best PCB design to demonstrate the software capability.

Now what really matters and the things one should watch in the application is the Auto Routing program, the EMI and thermal technological support and restrictions, the accuracy of the wire frames, the units accuracy, the number of PCB layers it can support, the export to other CAD software, the CAM support. Another important selection criteria is the library support, the parts and documentation, how footprints have to be created, the simulation capability for the parts.


You don't want to spend time on debugging your design once you buy the PCB CAD. You want to have the PCB CAD automate most of the design work with high accuracy as much as possible.

See schematic and PCB design tutorials